<H1>xxx</H1> <H2></H2> <h3>xxx</h3> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="cache"> <meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"> <meta name="description" content="Tarot Cards: Origin and History of Tarot in 15th century. Research for the Origin of Tarot, Tarocchi or Trionfi and old playing cards. Oldest Tarot cards, Imperatori decks, Ferrara 1441, 5x14-theory, From 14 to 22, Boiardo. With Tarot Museum"> <meta name="keywords" content="tarot history origin museum free reading online trionfi tarocchi 15th research playing card"> <meta name="author" content="autorbis"> <meta name="copyright" content="autorbis@trionfi.com"> <meta name="creation_date" content="2005-11-11"> <meta name="revisit-after" content="30 days"> <BASE TARGET="_top"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://trionfi.com/00/start/textstyleneu.css"> <title>Trionfi: History and Origin of Tarot. Research Project with Tarot Museum.</title> </head> <body> <font face="Arial" size="1"> <table width="100%" height="25%" border="1" bordercolor="#C0C0C0" summary=""> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="25%" height="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><center><h1>Tarot and its History<br><i><font color="#ffffff">Trionfi</font></i></h1></td></tr> <td> <center><a href="http://autorbis.net"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/kldreieck2.jpg" width="72" height="72" border="0" alt="autorbis.net"></a><br><b>Impressum</b></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <div align="right"> <h5><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/t/"><h5>Trionfi is the old name <br> for Tarot cards, <br> but also it means ....</h5></a> <h5><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/">Sitemap </a> --- <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/a/">About us</a></h5> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="100" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="middle"></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <h5>Documents (1)</h5> E<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/00/">arly references to playing cards and related articles</a></font><br><FONT face="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000">UPDATED April 2007</FONT></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="100" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="middle"></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"> <h5>Documents (2)</h5> F<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/">irst appearances of the word Trionfi in relation to playing-cards (1442 - 1463)</a></font><br><FONT face="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#FF0000">UPDATED July 2006</FONT></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="25%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="100%" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr><td align="left" valign="middle"> <center><h1><i><font color="#ffffff">Tarot - special themes</font></i></h1></center> <p><font size="-1"> <a href="http://autorbis.net/tarot/links/02/">Biography of Researchers</a> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/l/50/">Playing Card Locations</a> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/new-themes/sepher-yetzirah/">Sepher-Yetzirah - I-Ching</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/new-themes/hesiod/">Hesiod - I-Ching</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/001/olympic-game/">Olympic Game</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/n/">Tarot News</a><br> <A HREF="http://trionfi.com/l/">Tarot Decks Lists</A><br> <A HREF="http://trionfi.com/tarot-exhibition/">Tarot-Exhibition</A><br> <A HREF="http://trionfi.com/index5.php">Egg Hunting Game</A><br> <A Href="http://engagiert-in-ehrenfeld.de/" target="_blank">Ehrenfeld Project</a><br> <A Href="http://trionfi.com/ebcl/" target="_blank">EBCL Project</a><br> <A Href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-ausstellung-koeln/" target="_blank">Tarot Ausstellung Köln / Project</a> </font> </td></tr></table> </td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <center><table width="90%" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center" bgcolor="#aaf2ff" border="1"></center> <tr> <td align="center"><h1>Tarot: Origin and History</h1> </td> </tr> </table> </td></tr></table> <table width="100%" height="75%"><tr><td width="25%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="middle"><h5>Oldest Tarot Cards</h5>T<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/b/">he Milanese Duke Filippo Maria Visconti commissioned before 1425 a manuscript and a playing card deck from Marziano da Tortona and Michelino da Besozzo. Jacopo Antonio Marcello got book and deck in 1449 and called it a new kind of Ludus Triumphorum. </a></font></td> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/filippo.jpg" width="58" height="75" border="0" alt="Filippo Maria Visconti loved card playing and commissioned a few unusual decks"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5"><td> <a href="http://autorbis.net/ehrenfeld/" target="_blank"> <img style="float:right; margin:12px" src="http://koeln-tarot.trionfi.com/02/p/papagei.jpg" width="100" height="150" border="0" alt=""></a> <h3>Cologne Tarot Project - July 2007</h3> <font size="2">We've started a German language edition of the theme <a href="http://koeln-tarot.trionfi.com/" target="_top">"Köln Tarot"</a>, a work in progress. Cologne had three surviving decks in 16th century, one of them a socalled Mantegna Tarocchi from the artist Johann Ladenspelder and the two others present a strange parrots-hares-flowers system, so anyway "unusual decks", especially as the deck of Master P.W. has round cards. Nonetheless it's interesting : the Master P.W deck from ca. 1500-1504 is the only surviving deck from 15th/16th century with a 5x14-structure, and for special reasons in our basic theory (<a href="http://trionfi.com/0/f" target="_blank">5x14-theory</a>) we assume, that the early Trionfi cards (later called Tarot cards) developed from a deck which used a 5x14 structure. <br> A second point of interest is the presence of a cardmaker Giovanni di Colonia (aka "Johannes von Köln") in Bologna in the year 1427. He's after an earlier mentioned Federico of Germany in 1395 (also in Bologna), who sold 'cartas figuratas et pictas ad imagines et figuras sanctorum' the first noted German cardmaker in Italy.<br> Our general research did lead to evaluate a <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/02/" target="_blank">specific document of July 1442</a>, which knows two possible interpretations. One assumes, that the Trionfi deck, that the two boys got, was produced by the Ferrarese artist Sagramoro, but sold by a Bolognese merchant Burdochi, and the second interpretation states alternatively, that the Bolognese merchant Burdochi sold Trionfi decks made in Bologna ... which implies to assume a living Trionfi card production in Bologna by Bolognese card makers in this time. But looking for these postulated Bolognese Trionfi cardmakers leads to <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/l/51-bologna/" target="_blank">a specific situation of a battle with feasts in 1427</a>, in which finally 4 card producers are involved: Giovanni di Colonia (a card maker), and his son, also Giovanni (probably also a cardmaker and in this case victim of the occurrence), Zohane (which also means Giovanni) of Bologna, the beating cardmaker, and Niccolo da Fabriano, who tries to restore peace between the combatants (possibly a cardmaker, or alternatively a paper producer or possibly both). <br> A second entry, which involves Bologna and a Trionfi deck, knows another German cardmaker, <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/20/" target="_blank">which had produced or owned a deck, that was stolen, in 1459.</a> He's in our research the first German, who - with evidence - definitely knew Trionfi decks and probably produced them - although I see much reason to assume, that Emperor Fredrick (and his many knights, which accompanied him) at the occasion of his marriage in Italy (1452) learnt about this deck-type, too, and there are signs, that a <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/07b/" target="_blank">deck produced in Siena the same year</a> was made to celebrate the first meeting of the emperor and the bride. A column of triumph was erected at this occasion. Likely one should see a famous German deck, the <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/j/d/Hofaemterspiel/" target="_blank">Hofämterspiel</a>, which is assumed to have been made for the young King Ladislaus (of Hungary and Bohemia) ca. 1455, was produced as a "Trionfi deck in German style", just imitating the fresh born Italian custom. Ladislaus had accompanied Emperor Fredrick to Italy in 1452, the Italian influence on him was very concrete.<br> The marriage of Barbara of Brandenburg in Mantova 1436, likely arranged by Emperor Sigismondo during his Italy visit 1431-1433 (a time, from which we don't have evidence, that the term "trionfi decks" existed), was accompanied by the new appearance of a <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/04" target="_blank">card printing press in Mantova</a>. Actually the context gives the impression, that this press was an import from Germany - Barbara's father had the fame to have been an alchemist, and likely such a name indicates, that he was very interested in new technological developments.<br><br> Judging from that few notes, that playing card research knows about early Italian and Bolognese card history, we've to assume, that German cardmakers were an important factor there. From all the documented later advances in printing technology in 15th century in Italy we know, that Germans played a major role.<br> Following the argument, that Marchione Burdochi in 1442 imported Trionfi cards from Bologna, would possibly mean, that he imported from Bologna something, that German cardmakers before brought to Italy.<br><br> The question, if there was a relationship between the game Karnöffel and Tarot was discussed earlier, for instance already by Michael Dummett. Actually it's one of the possibilities for the origin of Tarot, that the German <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/03/" target="_blank">Karnöffel game</a> inspired the Italian Trionfi card development (perhaps by first influencing the Italian <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/" target="_blank">Imperatori decks</a>), an action, which finally ended with a totally different result to that, what became the later Karnöffel game.<br><br> According to my personal judgment: I see many reasons to favor this possibility. <br><br> <b>(autorbis)</b> </font> <br> </TD> </TABLE> <br><br> <HR WIDTH="90%"><br><br> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"><tr><td> <center><a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-F-musee-des-cartes-a-jouer-et-des-tarots/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/hof-fool1.jpg" alt="French" height="150" width="100" align="middle" border="0"></a></center></td> <td> <center> <h4><a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/">Tarot<br> <font color="#dd79fc">international<br> </font> Museum</a></h4> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-I-museo-dei-tarocchi-e-delle-carte-da-gioco/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/it.gif" alt="Italian" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-N-tarot-en-speelkaarten-museum/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/nl.gif" alt="Dutch" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-P-taro-e-museo-das-cartas-de-jogar/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/brasilien.jpg" alt="Portuguese" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-S-museo-de-tarot-y-barajas/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/esp.gif" alt="Spanish" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-PO-muzeum-tarota-i-kart-do-gry/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/poland-flag.jpg" alt="Polish" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-T-tarot-ve-oyunkagitlar-muzesi/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/turk-flag.gif" alt="Turkish" height="20" width="40" border="0"></a></center> </td> <td><center><a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-G-tarot-spielkarten-museum/"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/hof-fool2.jpg" alt="German" height="150" width="100" border="0"></a></center></td> </tr></table> </td> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/biancamaria.jpg" width="64" height="82" border="0" alt="Bianca Maria Visconti could be called Lady Tarot, like her father she was involved in various Tarot activities"></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"><h5>5x14-Theory</h5> I<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/f/">t is probable, that the first Trionfi-decks started with a 5x14-structure, the 14 trumps were considered as a 5th suit.</a></font></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="middle"><h5>Imperatori-Cards</h5> I<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/">n 1423 Parisina, the young signora of Ferrara, imported from Florence "VIII Imperatori"-cards. It's unclear, which sort of cards it really had been, but it might be a predevelopment to the later Tarot cards.</a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/parisina.jpg" width="56" height="79" border="0" alt="Parisina had a cruel death cause her love to Ugo, son of her husband"></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/cessolis2.jpg" width="75" height="78" border="0" alt="The great riddle, how 14 Trionfi cards became 22 Tarot cards"></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"><h5>PROJECTS</h5><font face="Arial" size="1"><b><ul> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/"></a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/g/">Models of early Decks</a> <LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/mi/00/">Ingold's Revolution</A> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/00/">Mantegna Tarocchi</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/h/00/">Matteo Maria Boiardo</a> </b></ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="middle"><h5>Ferrara 1441</h5> A<font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/">t the 1.1.1441 the painter Sagramoro got some money for "14 figure" for the guest in Ferrara, Bianca Maria Visconti. One year later appears the first use of the word Trionfi in relation to playing cards.</a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"><img src="http://trionfi.com/index/leonello.jpg" width="57" height="86" border="0" alt="Leonello d'Este made Ferrara to a cultural center of early 15th century. Here the idea to the Tarot took it's start"></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="25%" bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" valign="middle"> <table width="100%" height="200" border="0" cellspacing="5" summary=""> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#dddddd" width="80"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/index/mus-magician.jpg" width="78" height="140" border="0" alt="Tarot Museum - 100.000's of Playing Card pictures"></td> <td align="left" valign="middle"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/s/"><h5>TAROT MUSEUM</h5></a> <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/j/"><b>Timeline</b></a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/i/c/ALL-78/"><b>Tarot Iconography</b></a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/s/b/"><b>Tarot Cards</b></a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/s/k"><b>Playing-Cards Database</b></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr></table> <br><br><CENTER><hr width="90%"></CENTER><br><br> <table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" > <tr> <td valign="middle" width="60"><center><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><img src="http://trionfi.com/00/kldreieck2.jpg" width="36" height="31" border="0" alt="autorbis.net"></a></center></td> <td valign="middle" width="120"><a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="5" face="Garamond, Verdana"><b><center><i> Trionfi </i></center></b></font></a></td> <td valign="middle"><center> <font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow"> <b><a href="http://trionfi.com/" target="_top"> * START </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-history/" target="_top"> * TAROT HISTORY </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/" target="_top"> * TAROT MUSEUM </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/a/" target="_top">* ABOUT US *</a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/b/" target="_top">Oldest Tarot * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/" target="_top">Imperatori * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/" target="_top">Ferrara 1441 * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/" target="_top">Trionfi Documents * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/f/" target="_top">5x14 * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/g/" target="_top">From 14 to 22 * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/h/" target="_top">Boiardo * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/00/" target="_top">Mantegna Tarocchi * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/i/" target="_top">Iconography * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/j/" target="_top">Time Table * </a> <a href="http://autorbis.net/tarot/links/02/" target="_top">Researchers * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/l/" target="_top">Locations * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/n/" target="_top">News * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/" target="_top">Play * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/01/" target="_top">Playing Cards documents * <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/q/" target="_top">FAQ * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/t/" target="_top">Name Trionfi * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/v/" target="_top">Reviews * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/x/" target="_top">Free Reading * </a> <a href="http://autorbis.net/tarot/links/01/" target="_top">Links * </a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/Images-of-Tarot-Cards/" target="_top">SURPRIZE *</a> </font> </center>  <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> var sc_project=1754543; 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Research for the Origin of Tarot, Tarocchi and Trionfi, old playing cards, Karnöffel, Minchiate, chess, playing card suits, medieval iconography, astrology, Geomantia, humanism, Ferrara, Milan (Milano), Florence, Mantua (Mantova), the families Visconti, Sforza, Malatesta, Este, Gonzaga, Medici, biography of Filippo Maria Visconti, Francesco Sforza, Leonello d Este, Bianca Maria Visconti, Parisina, Lorenzo de Medici, Guarino, Rene d'Anjou, Jacopo Antonio Marcello, Matteo Maria Boiardo, Sagramoro, Michelino da Besozzo, Ludovico Gonzaga, history of Italy, Germany and France in 15th century, ways to modern Tarot, free Tarot card reading online (facade)</font> </td></a> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><b><font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#0000ff">© copyright: Trionfi.com</b> Links at the site might lead to foreign sources. We're not responsible for the contents of these sites. If you're interested to communicate or to add informations to some of our articles or to publish articles to the theme of Tarot in 15th century, please send your mail to the <a href="mailto:webmaster@trionfi.com">webmaster</a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html> <br><br>