Early Playing Cards Research

<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <h3>PLAYING CARDS</h3> <b><font size="+1">Very early references <br>     - 1370/80</font> <ul><br> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/90/">Introduction and list of Links</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/91/">Stuart Kaplan's list</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/92/">Huck Meyer's opinion</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/93/">Marseille 1337</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/95/">Playing Cards in Bohemia 1340 (?)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/94/">Old German/Swiss notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/21/">Early Paper Mills in Europe</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/01/">Early Prohibitions (- ca. 1420)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/02/">Other early Notes (- ca. 1420)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/22/">L. A. Mayer: Mamluk Playing Cards</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/96/">References Muslim World</a> </ul> <font size="+1">Germany</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/10/">Johannes of Rheinfelden 1377</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/20/">Early German Card producers</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/25/">German Decks (15th cent.)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/07/">Notes to Karnöffel, Keyserspiel </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/05/">The Name Karnöffel </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">(Imperatori decks / Ferrara)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/mi/00/" target="_blank">MEISTER INGOLD</a> </ul> <font size="+1">France</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/03/">France and Burgund (14th/15th century)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/15/">The Gringonneur Case</a> <LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/p/26/">Valentina Visconti and the French Court 1392 - 1397</A> </ul> <font size="+1">England</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/45/">Earliest reference in England in 1413</a> </ul> <font size="+1">Milan</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/08/">Prohibitions Filippo Maria Visconti</a> <li><a href="http://geocities.com/research_of_tarot/doc08.html" target="_blank">Vita di Filippo Visconti</a><br><br> </ul> <font size="+1">Ferrara</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/04/">Notes about Printing (Ferrara)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">Notes about Imperatori decks</a> <br>    in Ferrara (1423 - 1452) </ul> <font size="+1">Florence</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/05/">Prohibition around Florence</a><br>    (1377 - ca. 1500) <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/14/">Conclusions about Florence </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/09/">Notes about Minchiate </a> </ul> <font size="+1">Further Articles to <A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/l/50/" target="_blank">CITIES</A></font><br><br> <font size="+1"><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/e/" target="_blank">TRIONFI DOCUMENTATION</A></font><br><br> <font size="+1">Further Articles <br>     and Conclusions </font><br>related partly also to the theme "Trionfi"<br><br> <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/27/">Early Printing dates (in development)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/12/">Trionfi-Kids</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/13/">Trionfi and Church</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/18/">Count Parravicino 1903</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/25/">First appearance 5x14-theory 1974</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/23/">Early Notes to "Tarot" (provisional)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/28/">Tarocchi appropriati</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/17/">Sermones de Ludo cum aliis<br> - Information</a><br><br> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/24/">Knights Orders</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/19/">Ronfa - Notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/16/">The Cardplaying Wheel</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/29/">Felix Fabri / Playing Card Notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/40/">Il Cortegiano / Castiglione</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/70/">Franco Pratesi: Bibliography</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/41/">Oldest Divination with Playing Cards</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/82/">Collection Playing habits</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/42/">5 Decks in Ambras Collection</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/89/">Unusual Tarocchi cards, described 1849</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/87/">Jehan Bresson, 4 Spanish Tarocchi 1570</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/43/">Vespasiano da Bisticci - gambling notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/44/">Connaisseur 1754 - Gambling Satire</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/71/">Links to Playing Tarot/Tarock</a> </ul></b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> Playing Cards - Documents and Articles </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <h1>Kids and Playing Cards </h1><font size="+1"> in 15th century<br> <br> </font><b> A lot of documents of early playing card indicate, that very young persons had been involved in the game. I've listed some entries:<br> <br> <br> 1393 </b> Florence, Italy: The Chronicle di <b> Giovanni Morelli </b> contains a warning against the use of dice by children. Morelli describes naibi as a kind of game, and from the context it appears it was one which only children played, possibly for instructive purposes.<br> <br> Decembrio (short after 1447) notes about <b> Filippo Visconti </b> , that he liked playing card since his youth. Many of the existing documents are related to Filippo in his adult life.<br> <br> <b> Parasina </b> , the young wife of Niccolo III. in Ferrara and known from 3 card documents, was at the time of the documents 18 - 19 years ( <b> 1423 - 1424 </b> ) old. One entry about her talks from inexpensive "playing cards for our girls". In the case, that this refers to her 2 daughters - the both are just 5 years old.<br> <br> In the many documents about <a href="../05/t.html#a"> card prohibition in and around Florence </a> one from Sesto Fiorentino, 1432, especially considers the youth: card playing is allowed at holidays, until the bell rings the Ave Maria; this law is given to avoid, that the local youth do leave the commune during the holiday to play “a zara” (a dice game).<br> <br> <b> Bianca Maria Visconti </b> in <b> 1441 </b> was a 15-years old girl, when she <a href="../../d/index.html" target="_blank"> visited Ferrara </a> and possibly caused the invention of 5x14-Trionfi deck.<br> <br> The <a href="../../e2/02/t.html#a"> second entry </a> (July 1442), in which the name "Trionfi" appears, speaks of a deck for <b> Ercole and Sigismondo</b>, the young half-brothers of Lionello d'Este. They are at that moment of time 9 and 11 years old.<br> <br> The <a href="http://geocities.com/tarocchi7/hofaemter.html" target="_ blank"> Hofämterspiel </a> is suspected to have been produced for the young king <b> Ladislaus Posthumus </b> of Bohemia, perhaps ca. <b> 1455 </b> . Ladislaus died 1457, just 17 years old.<br> <br> <b> Galeazzo Maria Sforza </b> made with 13 years a visit in Ferrara ( <b> 1457</b>). In a letter to his father Francesco Sforza he talks about card-playing and tennis. <br> <br> <b> Ascanio Sforza</b>, * 1455, later cardinal, was in his youth extremely fond of card-playing. Once his oldest brother Galeazzo Maria forbade him to play (age of Ascanio unknown, the story is given by Klaus Schelle: Die Sforza.). The love to cards endured in his <a href="../13/t.html#a">adult life</a>.<br> <br> In a letter between <b> Lorenzo de Medici</b>, borne 1449, and his friend Pulci the term Minchiate appeared the first time ( <b> 1466</b>; the <a href="../09/t.html#a">letter is lost</a>). Lorenzo is then 17 years old. <br> <br> The Mantegna Tarocchi, not really a card play, is occasionally considered to be invented for educative purposes, the date of the first edition of the set of 50 engravings is unclear.<br> <br> The <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/j/d/solabusca/index.html" target="_blank"> Sola-Busca-Tarocchi </a> , probably produced 1491, is seen by some researchers also as an educational deck.<br> <br> May 1492: In a letter from <b> Ippolito d'Este </b> to his mother Eleanora of Aragon various games are noted, also Trionfi cards, which should be send to the young guy. Ippolito, later cardinal and archbishop and active part in a familiary scandal of the Este, is then 13 years old. (Ortalli, p. 201)<br> <br> In <b> 1502 </b> in Germany the Franciscan monk <b> Thomas Murner </b> published an <a href="http://www.wopc.co.uk/germany/murner.html" target="_blank"> educational deck </a> based on the Institutes of Justinian, thus beginning the tradition of educational cards. "With the intention of increasing interest in reading, I have tried to counter immoral games through this extremely uplifting game ...." A second game from Murner, teaching logic, was published in 1507. <br> <br> In the account book entries from <b> 1516 </b> in Ferrara, which contain one of the first use of the word "tarocchi", also decks for the use of <b> Ercole d'Este </b> are mentioned. Ercole, later duke of Ferrara, was then 8 years old (Francesschini in Ludica 2). This entry was long held as the "oldest" reference to the word Tarocchi, but recently (2004) two other references from 1505 in Ferrara and Avignon were discovered (<a href="http://www.trionfi.com/0/n/0403/" target="_balnk">source</a>)<br><br> <b>(autorbis)</b><br> </font> </td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The Chapter "Playing Cards - Documents and Articles"</b> presents specific material to the situation of playing card development in late 14th and 15th century. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. Copyright: trionfi.com. Links do lead occasionally to foreign sources, we've no influence on these sites and are not responsible for their representations and opinions.<br><br> <b>Central pages: <a href="http://trionfi.com">International Start</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-history/">Tarot History</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/">Tarot Museum</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/">Tarot in all Aspects</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/cards/">Tarot Iconography</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-free-reading/">Tarot Reading</a> / <a href="http://google.com">Google</a> - <a href="http://yahoo.com">Yahoo</a> </font></center> </BODY></HTML>