Early Playing Cards Research

<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <h3>PLAYING CARDS</h3> <b><font size="+1">Very early references <br>     - 1370/80</font> <ul><br> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/90/">Introduction and list of Links</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/91/">Stuart Kaplan's list</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/92/">Huck Meyer's opinion</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/93/">Marseille 1337</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/95/">Playing Cards in Bohemia 1340 (?)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/94/">Old German/Swiss notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/21/">Early Paper Mills in Europe</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/01/">Early Prohibitions (- ca. 1420)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/02/">Other early Notes (- ca. 1420)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/22/">L. A. Mayer: Mamluk Playing Cards</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/96/">References Muslim World</a> </ul> <font size="+1">Germany</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/10/">Johannes of Rheinfelden 1377</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/20/">Early German Card producers</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/25/">German Decks (15th cent.)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/07/">Notes to Karnöffel, Keyserspiel </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/c/05/">The Name Karnöffel </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">(Imperatori decks / Ferrara)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/mi/00/" target="_blank">MEISTER INGOLD</a> </ul> <font size="+1">France</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/03/">France and Burgund (14th/15th century)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/15/">The Gringonneur Case</a> <LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/p/26/">Valentina Visconti and the French Court 1392 - 1397</A> </ul> <font size="+1">England</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/45/">Earliest reference in England in 1413</a> </ul> <font size="+1">Milan</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/08/">Prohibitions Filippo Maria Visconti</a> <li><a href="http://geocities.com/research_of_tarot/doc08.html" target="_blank">Vita di Filippo Visconti</a><br><br> </ul> <font size="+1">Ferrara</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/04/">Notes about Printing (Ferrara)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">Notes about Imperatori decks</a> <br>    in Ferrara (1423 - 1452) </ul> <font size="+1">Florence</font><br><ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/05/">Prohibition around Florence</a><br>    (1377 - ca. 1500) <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/14/">Conclusions about Florence </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/09/">Notes about Minchiate </a> </ul> <font size="+1">Further Articles to <A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/l/50/" target="_blank">CITIES</A></font><br><br> <font size="+1"><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/e/" target="_blank">TRIONFI DOCUMENTATION</A></font><br><br> <font size="+1">Further Articles <br>     and Conclusions </font><br>related partly also to the theme "Trionfi"<br><br> <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/27/">Early Printing dates (in development)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/12/">Trionfi-Kids</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/13/">Trionfi and Church</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/18/">Count Parravicino 1903</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/25/">First appearance 5x14-theory 1974</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/23/">Early Notes to "Tarot" (provisional)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/28/">Tarocchi appropriati</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/17/">Sermones de Ludo cum aliis<br> - Information</a><br><br> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/24/">Knights Orders</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/19/">Ronfa - Notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/16/">The Cardplaying Wheel</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/29/">Felix Fabri / Playing Card Notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/40/">Il Cortegiano / Castiglione</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/70/">Franco Pratesi: Bibliography</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/41/">Oldest Divination with Playing Cards</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/82/">Collection Playing habits</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/42/">5 Decks in Ambras Collection</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/89/">Unusual Tarocchi cards, described 1849</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/87/">Jehan Bresson, 4 Spanish Tarocchi 1570</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/43/">Vespasiano da Bisticci - gambling notes</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/44/">Connaisseur 1754 - Gambling Satire</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/71/">Links to Playing Tarot/Tarock</a> </ul></b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> Playing Cards - Documents and Articles </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <h1>The Wheel-Argument</h1> The Wheel-Argument is a consideration about a hierarchical order between suits, as it might have been intended by early card makers.<br> The conjectured context is unproven, and there is doubt raised by an established opinion in playing card research, which also proposes a "good argument", but from another direction, which in this special case - my opinion - is not reliable.<br><br> <b>***Special Note:</b> I'm aware, that most card researchers seem to believe in the following equation of the suits (as presented by Kaplan, Encyclopedia I, p. 5):<br><br> <table border="0" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" cellspacing="10" summary=""> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>French</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>German</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Corresponds to</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Swords</td> <td>Epees</td> <td>Spade</td> <td>Schwerter</td> <td>Espados</td> <th>Spades</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Staves</td> <td>Batons</td> <td>Bastoni</td> <td>Stäbe</td> <td>Bastos</td> <th>Clubs</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Cups</td> <td>Coupes</td> <td>Coppe</td> <td>Kelche</td> <td>Copas</td> <th>Hearts</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top">Coins</td> <td>Deniers</td> <td>Denari</td> <td>Münzen</td> <td>Oros</td> <th>Diamonds</th> </tr> </table><br> The reason for this is logical: Italian espadone or spadone and English spades "MUST" be relatable, cause it sounds similar - normally, but .... Spades in English means "Spaten" in German and German card language knows the expression "Schippen" for suit Pique, too. Schippen is low German for "Schüppe", and a Schüppe is a similar tool as a Spaten, and both have in common, that they also look a little bit like a "pique"-sign (the nowadays difference between Spaten and Schüppe is, that the digging part of Spaten is rectangular, useful for digging, and only a Schüppe might look like a pique-sign - the Schüppe is used for loose material, for instance sand; the older meaning for Spaten might be different).<br> Italian "Spada", however, means a "sword", and a sword in no way looks similar to a pique-sign in card play. Early playing cards in England were imported from France, not from Italia, the English word Spades should have developed from the optical perception of the French suit, not from a word used in Italia. English language resisted the French word Pique, why should it have taken the Italian "Spada"? France is near to England, Italy is far. <br> The French suit-system is very near to the German suit-system, and the assumption, that the French designers were more oriented towards the German system might be reliable. Generally the German playing card development was earlier than that in France, Germany being probably dominant in the early years of production. The Mantegna-painter once had (probably) a special view at the correct arrangement of the suits, possibly also the inventer of the French suits signs, and a lot of actual card-plays seem to mirror their opinion correctly, just by using the "Wheel" (the Wheel is a term, that I invented myself - what it is, you might learn below). <br><br> Only the Spadone-Spades equation contradicts. It's correct, that Spades are Pique, but it is incorrect to assume, that Spades or German Schippen or Pique derived from Italian Spada, Spadone or espadone. It just developed cause an English "spade" looks like a sign in a French suit-system. <br><br> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="10" summary=""> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><h3>The Mantegna Context</h3>Ross Caldwell brought to my notice the ABCDEI at a detail (see at the right) in the fresco <i>Month of April</i>, at Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara, done probably 1469-1472 by Francesco Cossa, and its possible context to the ABCDE sorting of the trumps in the socalled Mantegna Tarocchi (each of the 50 figures belongs to a chapter A, B, C, D, E, thus forming an hierarchical order in the 5 groups; in a later reproduction E was replaced by S). Kaplan, Tarot Encyclopedia I, p. 35 - 47, discusses the differences between E-series and S-series, and als mentions suggestions (p. 39), that:<br><br> A   means Atutto (trumps)<br> B   means Bastoni (batons)<br> C   means Coppe (cups)<br> D   means Denari (discs, coins)<br> E   means Espadone (swords) <br><br> and gives the argument for the change from E to S, that <i>Espadone</i> is only Venetian dialect and that the common word for swords had been <i>Spadone</i>.<br> The argument looks solide and in our considerations we assume it as "correct". <br><br> The historical contexts of the socalled Mantegna-Tarocchi and the ABCDEI in Ferrara is near to each other. The Mantegna-Tarocchi is calculated as being produced by an unknown artist around 1465 or little later, the picture at Palazzo Schifanoia probably was done 1469 - 1472. Francesco Cossa left Ferrara in 1472 and the first 3 monthes are attributed to him, so also the month April. For the Mantegna-Tarocchi a Ferrarese-Venetian origin is assumed, so the ABCDEI doesn't appear to be accidently just at this place. Interestingly in 1468 Ferrara was visited by Emperor Fredrick III., who was rather occupied by signing lots of documents, by which lots of Italians got remarkable titles and Emperor Fredrick a lot of money. Fredrick III. is known for developing a special motto, AEIOU, which is noted by him in a private notebook already in 1437, already in a time, when he was not emperor (click the image for more information). The motto was excessively used by him in heraldic devices.<br> Fredrick III. is known to have been a little obsessed with esoterical ideas, also around the motto. His attitude couldn't have stayed hidden in Ferrara, and the ABCDEI at the picture in Palazzo Schifanoia must be probably be seen in the context of Fredricks visit.<br> Another background of the ABCDEI is the fact, that the printing press has reached the region just in this time and that the alphabet (naturally a major thinking object at this time) was associated with Jews as possible inventers of the alphabet. The <i>Month of April</i> shows at another detail the <i>run of the Jews </i>, just below the ABCDEI (which probably could be interpreted as ABC Dei meaning "ABC of God").<br><br> This quite interesting observation, which adds to the information base around the still unclear Mantegna Tarocchi, however, doesn't touch our main theme at this place, the ranking of the suits. ABCDE in the Mantegna could possibly be interpreted as: <br><br> <b>Atutti are highest, Bastoni higher than Cups, Cups higher than Denari and Denari higher than Espades<br><br> in the opinion of the Mantegna creator.</b> With that plausible conjecture it's time to observe the <b>Wheel-Argument</b>. <H3>The Wheel-Argument</h3> There are 4 Suits (swords, batons, cups, coins)<br><br> 4 elements A, B, C, D have 24 possibilities to be ranked hierarchically, for instance: <br><br> A > B > C > D <br>(= A higher than B and C and D, B higher than C and D, C higher than D) <br> <br>These 24 possibilities can be grouped in 6 orders of wheels, each presenting 4 of the 24 possibilities. For example: <br><br>The wheel A - B - C - D (unranked) has the 4 hierarchic possibilities: <br><br>1.        A > B > C > D<br> 2.              B > C > D > A<br> 3.                    C > D > A > B<br> 4.                          D > A > B > C<br> <br>Not all card-plays, which are known today, do use hierachies between the suits inside its rules, but some do, like Bridge, Skat, Doppelkopf. <br><br> Nearly all card-plays with that quality only use one wheel with 4 different hierarchies (I found only one game, Preference, which uses another of the 5 possible wheels; however, my researches were not very consequent and there might be more - further research might be necessary to strengthen this argument).<br><br> <table border="0" cellspacing="10" bgcolor="#C0C0C0" summary=""> <tr> <td>Later addition: John McLeod, surely a rule expert, gives at an <a href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/playing-cards/suit-ranking.html" target="_blank">internet page</a> the following ranking of suits in various games:<br> <br>1. hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades: Preference, 500, Tysiacha <br>2. clubs, spades, hearts, diamonds: Skat, Doppelkopf, Sheepshead <br>3. spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds: Big Two (Choi Dai Di, Da Lao Er) <br>4. diamonds, hearts, spades, clubs: Pusoy Dos <br>5. clubs, hearts, spades, diamonds: Ninety-nine <br>6. spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs: Contract Bridge <br> <br>The points 1,2 and 6 belong to the following wheel, the other 3 belong to other wheels. But the games mentioned under the points 3, 4, and 5 seems to have foreign origins or are less important in the development of games. Probably my original idea, that there is one main (traditional) wheel and occasionally experiments with other orders, is still reliable.) </td> </tr> </table><br> <br><br>1.        Clubs  >  Pique (Spades)  >  Hearts > Diamonds<br>2.                      Pique  >  Hearts > Diamonds > Clubs<br>3.                                    Hearts > Diamonds > Clubs > Pique <br>4.                                                 Diamonds > Clubs > Pique > Hearts<br><br>One should assume, that this "wheel" was already object to the earliest card-players and perhaps took influence on the creator of the 5x14-deck illustrated by Bembo.<br><br>As you can see above, the wheel might be incorporated in the row of :<br><br>5 Pope (swords ) > 4 Emperor (batons) > 3 Empress (cups) > 2 Papessa (coins)<br><br>Why should one associate the Pope with swords? The Pope presents the Holy Cross, a cross is rather similar to a sword. The baton of the Emperor is his scepter. Cups are traditionally attributed to love and women, so the Empress must present cups. Coins belong to the Papessa ... with (from the optical impression) no understandable reason, but it's the only position, which is left free. The reason for it is probably, that the 4 suits were invented from the Mamelucks in Egyptia, but Emperor, Empress, Pope and Papessa entered the card-plays in Italy more than 100 years later and Papessa was probably chosen for symmetrie as the missing 4th person for the older trio Emperor-Empress-Pope (compare the article about the Cary-Yale).. <br><br>Where does the wheel come from? With some phantasy it's already in the suits, in Italian and French suits.<br> <br><b>Italian suits:</b><br> <br>A sword has three ends. <br>A baton has two ends <br>A cup unites. Unifying symbol = one <br>A coin presents a circle : zero <br><br><b>3 swords  > 2 batons > 1 cups > 0 coins              3 > 2 > 1 > 0</b><br><br> <br><b>French suits:</b> <br><br>diamonds have  four corners. <br>clubs have three ends. <br>Spades reminds a pike (Pique is the French name), a weapon with two ends. <br>Hearts are a uniting symbol = one<br><br> <b>4 diamonds > 3 clubs > 2 spades > 1 hearts      4 > 3 > 2 > 1</b><br><br> The Italians got their suits (probably) from the Mamelucks, so they took no direct influence on any incorporated number-idea. <br> The Mamelucks had polo-sticks instead of batons; polo-sticks could also have been associated with the number 2. The Brera-Brambilla and the Cary-Yale Trionfi used arrows instead of batons (arrows could be also interpreted as the number 2). <br>The French suits developed (probably) around 1480. If there was any current hierarchy between the suits known at that time, they might have transformed it into a new, but similar number-idea. <br> Many other suit-systems of the early time in playing card history doesn't show any number-idea (there were Swiss suits, German suits, flowers, animals, birds, shields, many different ideas). <br>However, a painted hierarchy between 4 suits was already known from early chinese cards; they used coins, strings of coins, greater string of coins, greatest strings of coins as suits <a href="http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~museum/Archive/Wilkinson/Wilkinson.html" target="_blank">(compare here)</a>, following by this a similar number-idea as the Hebrew and Greeks by their connections between alphabet- and number-system (1-9, 10-90, 100-900). It is displayed for instance also in the Mah-Jongg-Game with its 3 suits (1-9) coins, bamboo-sticks and numbers (the Mah-Jongg is said to be off younger origin, but it contains older order-elements). <br>It's just a logical idea to paint the intended hierarchy on the cards, and it might be, that it was a living idea in 15th century in Italy and France and it took strong influence on card playing in Europe (rules of the actual games).<br><br> </td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <a href="http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/highlight.cgi?file=html/c/cossa/schifano/2april/2april_7.html&find=schifanoia+april" target="_blank"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/01/c/p/abcdei.jpg" width="197" height="298" border="0" alt="ABCDEI, Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara, part of April, ca. 1469-1472, Francesco Cossa"><br><br> </a><a href= http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/mittelalter/personen/frauenknecht/repetitorium01/bild_028.htm" target="_blank"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/01/c/p/aeiou.jpg" width="183" height="147" border="0" alt="AEIOU, note in notebook of Fredrick III. in 1437, before he became Emperor"></a> <br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/01/c/p/aeiou2.gif" width="198" height="261" border="0" alt="AEIOU, heraldic device of Austrian regions in 1446"> </td> </tr> </table> <b>(autorbis)</b> </td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The Chapter "Playing Cards - Documents and Articles"</b> presents specific material to the situation of playing card development in late 14th and 15th century. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. 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