Trionfi Cards - Early Documents

<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <b><font size="+1">The term "Trionfi"<br> - in relation to playing cards</font><br><br> <font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/" target="top">Start Documents</a><br> <br><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00/">Analyses</a><br></font> <br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">1423: Imperatori - first note </a><br><br> March 1425: Birth of Bianca Maria Visconti<br> May 1425: Parisina killed<br> June 1425: Trionfo Filippo Visconti<br><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/b/" target="_top">(Michelino Deck ?)</a><br><br> 1438: Council in Ferrara<br> 1439: Council in Florence<br> (real Trionfo - probably no cards)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00a/">Burchiello</a><br> <br> Autumn 1441 Bianca Maria Visconti in Ferrara<br> (small Trionfo at her arrival - no cards)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00b/">14 Figure, 1.1.1441</a><br> (Marriage Trionfo projected ?)<br> <br> October 1441 Marriage Bianca Maria Visconti<br> (Cary-Yale Tarocchi?, Marriage-Trionfo ?)<br> Marcello is already near to Francesco Sforza <br><br> December 1441: Leonello new Signore in Milano <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/01/">01  1442/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> (February 1442 / Trionfo projected ?)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/02/">02  1442/2  Ferrara/Kids</a><br> (small Trionfo for the kids <br> according to the interests <br> of their mother (?)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">1443 Imperatori - 1st reappearance</a><br> <br> 1443 Real Trionfo in Naples<br> Alfonso of Aragon<br> (no cards known)<br> <br> <a href="http://www.trionfi.com/0/e/00f/">Pause (1443 - 1450)</a><br><br> August 1447: Filippo Maria Visconti dies<br> Decembrio is in Ferrara<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00e/">1447 Decembrio writes "Vita ..."</a><br> <br> <a href="http://geocities.com/research_of_tarot/doc08.html" target="_blank">  Vita di Filippo Maria Visconti</a><br> <br> early 1449: Marcello with Francesco Sforza <br> in the region of Milan<br> Scipio Caraffa didn't know Trionfi decks<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/03/">03  1449/1  Marcello letter</a><br> (Nov. 1449)<br><br> 25.2.1450: Francesco Sforza occupies Milan<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/04/">04  1450/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> 16.3.1450 Trionfi cards are paid<br> 25.3.1450 Leonello visits Milan<br> After 8 years pause suddenly Trionfi decks production in Ferrara<br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">Imperatori - 2nd reappearance</a><br> <br> October 1450: Leonello dies<br> Borso new signore in Ferrara<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/05/">05  1450/2  Florence</a><br> December 1450: Trionfi allowed (Florence)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/06/">06  1450/3  Sforza letter</a><br> December 1450: Difficulties to get a Trionfi deck <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/07/">07  1451/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> Borso's Trionfo projected ? <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/07b/">07b  1452/1  Siena/Emperor-visit</a> <br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/08/">08  1452/1  Malatesta/Sforza</a><br> The letter signals a Trionfi production in Cremona, perhaps as a preparation for a Trionfo<br> August 1453: Real Trionfo in Milan<br> <br> The peace of Lodi is near (9th of April 1454)<br> Probably Borso prepares <br> already before some Trionfi decks<br> production in series from February till April<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/09/">09  1454/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/10/">10  1454/2  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/11/">11  1454/3  Ferrara/production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/12/">12  1454/4  Ferrara/production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/13/">13  1454/5  Ferrara/production</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/13b/">13b  1455/1 Padua / preaching</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/14/">14  1456/1  Ferrara/Trotti</a><br> Trotti's comment signals, that now Trionfi is (at least in Ferrara) a well known game. <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/15/">15  1456/2  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> Last Sagramoro document </p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/16/">16  1457/1  Ferrara/70 cards</a><br> Very important, proves the 5x14 theory<br> </p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/17/">17  1457/2  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/18/">18  1458/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/19/">19  1459/1  Ferrara/production</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/20/">20  1459/2  Bologna</a><br> First "real" document outside of the courts)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/21/">21  1460/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/22/">22  1460/2  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/23/">23  1460/3  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/24/">24  1460/4  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/25/">25  1460/5  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/25b/">25b  1460/6 / 1513(?) Ancona - allowance</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/26/">26  1461/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/26b/">26b  1461/2 Padova / Valerio Marcello</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/27/">27  1463/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/28/">28 1463: The law, which allowed Trionfi in Florence, is repeated </a><br> Probably the appearance must be interpreted in the way, that experiments are done with the number of trumps. Possibly the begin of the end of the 5x14-structure, possibly related to the new allowance in Florence 1463.<br><br> <h3>Later Notes (not complete)</h3> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29/">29 Mantova 1465, inventory</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/09/" target="_blank">Minchiate (since 1466)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29b/">29b Pavia Castle Frescoes 1469</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29c/">29c Ferrara/Modena Bonacossi production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/30/">30 Polismagna</a><br> relates to the Decembrio Manuscript<br><BR> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/31/">31 Vita di San Bernardino 1472</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/32/">32 Naples 1473 (Aragon court)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/33/">33 Naples 1474 (Aragon court, Beatrice)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/33b/">33b Rome 1474 - 1478 / Import from Florence</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/34/">34 Milan 1475, Letter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/34b/">34b Fabriano 1476, request for allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/35/">35 Bologna 1477, printed decks</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/36/">36b Recanati ca. 1480</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/37/">37 Naples 1482, "Cartaio" Francesco</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/38/">38 French dictionary, 1482</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/38b/">38b Cicognara-note (? forgery)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/39/">39 Brescia, 1488 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/40/">40 Salo, 1489 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/41/">41 Bergamo 1491 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/42/">42 Letter Ippolito d'Este, 1492</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/43/">43 Rene d'Anjou II, France, 1496</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/44/">44 Reggio, 1500 - allowance</a><br><br> **********************</p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00c/">Artist + Persons</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00d/">References</a><br> </p> </ul> </b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> "Trionfi" as Cards (Documents) </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <h3>Document</h3> <TABLE WIDTH="100%"><TD valign="_top"> <B>Rome 1474 - 1478 (3 notes)</B><br><br> Thierry Depaulis found these last year, published in a 1995 article by Arnold Esch: The entries from the Roman Customs Register refer to Trionfi cards being imported from Florence. Besides some notes about normal playing cards, Esch noted only a few sentences:<br><br> <CENTER><TABLE BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="90%"><TD> "Also mentioned are trionfi, that is, printed or painted tarock cards: for example, a Florentine brings in 'quattro parra de trionfi et carte indorate e doi para de trionfi.' Another Florentine imports 'una cassetta de trionfi et carte da jocare,' with an estimated value of 6 duc 18 bol and '23 para triunfi' with a value of 7 duc 54 bol. In other cases 'para trionfi' are assessed at 7 1/2 bol, or 10 bol, or 23 1/2 bol. - differences in value are to be expected in goods of this sort." </TD></TABLE></CENTER><br><br> <B>Source:</b> Arnold Esch: Roman Customs Registers 1470-80: Items of interests to historians of and material culture in: Journal of the Warburg and Courtald Institutes, Vol. 58, 1995, pp. 72-87 (<a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0075-4390%281995%2958%3C72%3ARCR1IO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage" target="_blank"> Article at ISTOR</a>)<br><br> The article used: Registers in Rome, Archivio de Stato, Camerale I, Camera Urbis. There are:<ul> <LI>"Dogana di terra" (or di Sant'Eustachio) about overland imports, reg. 52 - 55 and 42 (5 1/2 volumes from June 1474 - 1482, totally ca. 25.000 consignements) <LI>"Dogano di Ripa" about imports with ship, reg. 141 - 147 (6 volumes from October 1469 - May 1481, totally ca. 4000 ships) </ul><br> The German version of the article has with 93 pages more content in relation to 16 pages for the English version:<Br> Arnold ESCH, <I>Importe in das Rom der Renaissance. Die Zollregister der Jahre 1470 bis 1480</i>, in: <I>Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken</I> (QFIAB) 74, 1994, S. 360-453 (perhaps it contains more material; not visited for the moment).<br><br> <CENTER><hr width="90%"></center><br><br> The entry of <B>Platina</b> in the year 1474 shows no entry about Trionfi cards, but it is of interest to know about it, when refering to Trionfi cards of Rome: <br> <B>Honesta voluptatet valetudine (1474 or 1475)</b>; "On Right Pleasure and Good Health"), printed 1480 by Gerardus de Flandria 1480 and reknown as the first printed cooking book.<br><br> Platina recommends cards as a beneficial after-dinner game for gentlemen, to divert their minds and thereby improve digestion. He warns against cheating or desiring to gain anything. "Deep thinking after a hearty meal impedes digestion" "However, there is to be no cheating nor desire to gain, and any stakes are to be merely nominal, lest bad passions become excited and the process of healthy concoction be disturbed" (Kaplan). <br> The first half of the book discusses all kinds of food and spices, their nature, and their cultivation. The second half are filled mainly with 250 recipes from the cookbook of the writer Martino, who lived during the 1450-70 period. The book was translated into German, Italian and French, and frequently republished throughout Europe. <br><br> <CENTER><TABLE BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BORDER="1" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="90%"><TD>The relevant passage: "Interim vero jocis et ludo, minima concito, vacandum, ne sensus cogitatione occupati concoctionem impediant. Careat jocus (quem urbanum, facetnm, modestum volo) dicacitate, scurrilitate, mordacitate. Nolo mimos; non proterviam; non dicteria; non convicia, unde ira et indignatio, et plerumque magna rixa oritur. Ludus sit talis, tessera, saccho (ut nostra appellatione utur), <B><I>carthis variis imaginibus picti</i></b>. Absit inter ludendum omnis fraus et avaritia, qua illiberalior et destestandus fit ludus, nee ullam affert ludenti voluptatem; cum timor, ira, et inimensa habendi cupiditas variis modis ludentes cruciet." </TD></TABLE></CENTER><br><br> Platina speaks of "<B>carthis variis imaginibus picti</b>", that means "cards with differently painted pictures", indicating, that the cards, that he knew, variated - as it seems, he indirectly includes Trionfi cards.<br><br> Platina had become in 1475 after an adventurous life as soldier, scholar, leading head in the Accademia Romana, author and prisoner of Pope Paul II. the librarian of the Papal Library. The event of his election to this function was celebrated with a picture, which became famous.<br><br> <B>(autorbis / Ross Caldwell)</b> </TD> <TD width="250" valign="_top"><CENTER> <IMG SRC="p/platina-1.jpg"><br><br> Bartolomeo Sacchi, <br> beter known as <B>Platina</B><br><br><br> <IMG src="p/platina-2.jpg"><br><br></center><br><br> <UL> <Li><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Platina" target="_blank">Platina in Wikipedia</A><br> <LI><A HREF="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/melozzo/foundati.html" target="_blank">the picture</A> <LI></LI><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC" target="_blank">the painter</A> </UL><br> <CENTER> <IMG SRC="http://trionfi.com/0/e/26b/p/map.jpg"></center><br><br> <B>Southern development (first notes)</b> <ul> <LI>1450 Florence <LI>1452 Siena <LI>1452 Rimini <LI>1460 ? Arcona <LI>1473 Naples <LI>1474 ? <B>Rome</b> <LI>1476 Fabriano <LI>1480 ? Recanati </ul> </TD></TABLE><br><br> <CENTER> <IMG src="p/platina-3.jpg"><br><br> </CENTER> "Sixtus IV is seated on his throne on the right, among his cardinal nephews and lay nephews. The apostolic pronotary Raffaele Riario is on his right, the future pope Julius II (pontiff from 1503 to 1513) standing before him, and Girolamo Riario and Giovanni della Rovere are behind Platina." In other words, Platina in the midst of the Rovere-Riario clan. Sixtus IV imported with his election as Pope his many nephews (these are only few of them, though the best known). <UL> <LI>Girolamo became the "bad spirit" of Sixtus, and Rome started a war to satisfy his wishes for own territory. He got Imola and Forli, but Ferrara could defend itself. He married the famous Catherina Sforza. <LI>Raffaele nearly became a victim of the attempt of Sixtus to murder the Medici brothers. He was prisoned in Florence and finally released. <LI>Giovanni married a daughter of the condottiero Federico Montefeltro and his descendants got Urbino. </LI> <li>Giuliano, a young cardinal with an energetical temperament, became later Pope Julius III., well known for his many wars. </ul> Two of them are reported to have been involved in heavy gambling activities (we cannot say, if playing cards were used):<br><br> "We read, for example, how Franceschetto Cibo, in two games with the Cardinal Raffaello Riario, lost no less than 14,000 ducats, and afterwards complained to the Pope that his opponent has cheated him" (Jacob Burckhardt). The church of San Lorenzo in Damaso in Rome, which was rebuilt by Bramante in the late 15th century, profited by it. The restoration was part of the construction of the Palazzo Cancelleria, built 1483–1511 for Raffaele Riario and funded partially with money that Cardinal Riario had won gambling in these famous game with Franceschetto Cibo, the son of Pope Innocent VIII.<br> From Girolamo Riario it is known, that in 1482 he gambled with his friend Virginio Orsini, sitting with him on reliquary caskets. He sold the grain of seed, which was dedicated to ensure the harvest of the next year to protect the population against hunger, to cover his playing debts; meanwhile his papal Soldatesca plundered the own country, consumated alcohol in vast excesses and only occasionally fought the enemy. This in a papal war, which had the aim to win the Ferrarese dominion for Girolamo.<br><br> <B>(autorbis)</B> </td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The chapter "Trionfi as Cards (Documents)"</b> presents the early documents, which note the term "Trionfi" (or similar, for instance "ludus triumphorum") in context to playing cards. The first appearance is from February 1442. The chapter is still in development. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. Copyright: trionfi.com. 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