Trionfi Cards - Early Documents

<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <b><font size="+1">The term "Trionfi"<br> - in relation to playing cards</font><br><br> <font face="Verdana, Arial" size="2"><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/" target="top">Start Documents</a><br> <br><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00/">Analyses</a><br></font> <br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">1423: Imperatori - first note </a><br><br> March 1425: Birth of Bianca Maria Visconti<br> May 1425: Parisina killed<br> June 1425: Trionfo Filippo Visconti<br><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/b/" target="_top">(Michelino Deck ?)</a><br><br> 1438: Council in Ferrara<br> 1439: Council in Florence<br> (real Trionfo - probably no cards)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00a/">Burchiello</a><br> <br> Autumn 1441 Bianca Maria Visconti in Ferrara<br> (small Trionfo at her arrival - no cards)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00b/">14 Figure, 1.1.1441</a><br> (Marriage Trionfo projected ?)<br> <br> October 1441 Marriage Bianca Maria Visconti<br> (Cary-Yale Tarocchi?, Marriage-Trionfo ?)<br> Marcello is already near to Francesco Sforza <br><br> December 1441: Leonello new Signore in Milano <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/01/">01  1442/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> (February 1442 / Trionfo projected ?)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/02/">02  1442/2  Ferrara/Kids</a><br> (small Trionfo for the kids <br> according to the interests <br> of their mother (?)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">1443 Imperatori - 1st reappearance</a><br> <br> 1443 Real Trionfo in Naples<br> Alfonso of Aragon<br> (no cards known)<br> <br> <a href="http://www.trionfi.com/0/e/00f/">Pause (1443 - 1450)</a><br><br> August 1447: Filippo Maria Visconti dies<br> Decembrio is in Ferrara<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00e/">1447 Decembrio writes "Vita ..."</a><br> <br> <a href="http://geocities.com/research_of_tarot/doc08.html" target="_blank">  Vita di Filippo Maria Visconti</a><br> <br> early 1449: Marcello with Francesco Sforza <br> in the region of Milan<br> Scipio Caraffa didn't know Trionfi decks<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/03/">03  1449/1  Marcello letter</a><br> (Nov. 1449)<br><br> 25.2.1450: Francesco Sforza occupies Milan<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/04/">04  1450/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> 16.3.1450 Trionfi cards are paid<br> 25.3.1450 Leonello visits Milan<br> After 8 years pause suddenly Trionfi decks production in Ferrara<br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/06/">Imperatori - 2nd reappearance</a><br> <br> October 1450: Leonello dies<br> Borso new signore in Ferrara<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/05/">05  1450/2  Florence</a><br> December 1450: Trionfi allowed (Florence)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/06/">06  1450/3  Sforza letter</a><br> December 1450: Difficulties to get a Trionfi deck <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/07/">07  1451/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> Borso's Trionfo projected ? <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/07b/">07b  1452/1  Siena/Emperor-visit</a> <br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/08/">08  1452/1  Malatesta/Sforza</a><br> The letter signals a Trionfi production in Cremona, perhaps as a preparation for a Trionfo<br> August 1453: Real Trionfo in Milan<br> <br> The peace of Lodi is near (9th of April 1454)<br> Probably Borso prepares <br> already before some Trionfi decks<br> production in series from February till April<br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/09/">09  1454/1  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/10/">10  1454/2  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/11/">11  1454/3  Ferrara/production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/12/">12  1454/4  Ferrara/production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/13/">13  1454/5  Ferrara/production</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/13b/">13b  1455/1 Padua / preaching</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/14/">14  1456/1  Ferrara/Trotti</a><br> Trotti's comment signals, that now Trionfi is (at least in Ferrara) a well known game. <br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/15/">15  1456/2  Ferrara/Sagramoro</a><br> Last Sagramoro document </p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/16/">16  1457/1  Ferrara/70 cards</a><br> Very important, proves the 5x14 theory<br> </p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/17/">17  1457/2  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/18/">18  1458/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/19/">19  1459/1  Ferrara/production</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/20/">20  1459/2  Bologna</a><br> First "real" document outside of the courts)<br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/21/">21  1460/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/22/">22  1460/2  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/23/">23  1460/3  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/24/">24  1460/4  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/25/">25  1460/5  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/25b/">25b  1460/6 / 1513(?) Ancona - allowance</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/26/">26  1461/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/26b/">26b  1461/2 Padova / Valerio Marcello</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/27/">27  1463/1  Ferrara/Vicenza</a><br> <br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/28/">28 1463: The law, which allowed Trionfi in Florence, is repeated </a><br> Probably the appearance must be interpreted in the way, that experiments are done with the number of trumps. Possibly the begin of the end of the 5x14-structure, possibly related to the new allowance in Florence 1463.<br><br> <h3>Later Notes (not complete)</h3> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29/">29 Mantova 1465, inventory</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/p/09/" target="_blank">Minchiate (since 1466)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29b/">29b Pavia Castle Frescoes 1469</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/29c/">29c Ferrara/Modena Bonacossi production</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/30/">30 Polismagna</a><br> relates to the Decembrio Manuscript<br><BR> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/31/">31 Vita di San Bernardino 1472</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/32/">32 Naples 1473 (Aragon court)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/33/">33 Naples 1474 (Aragon court, Beatrice)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/33b/">33b Rome 1474 - 1478 / Import from Florence</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/34/">34 Milan 1475, Letter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/34b/">34b Fabriano 1476, request for allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/35/">35 Bologna 1477, printed decks</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/36/">36b Recanati ca. 1480</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/37/">37 Naples 1482, "Cartaio" Francesco</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/38/">38 French dictionary, 1482</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/38b/">38b Cicognara-note (? forgery)</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/39/">39 Brescia, 1488 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/40/">40 Salo, 1489 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/41/">41 Bergamo 1491 - allowance</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/42/">42 Letter Ippolito d'Este, 1492</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/43/">43 Rene d'Anjou II, France, 1496</a><br><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/44/">44 Reggio, 1500 - allowance</a><br><br> **********************</p> <p><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00c/">Artist + Persons</a><br> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00d/">References</a><br> </p> </ul> </b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> "Trionfi" as Cards (Documents) </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="10" summary=""> <tr> <td valign="top"> <B>Bologna 1477, printed decks </B><br><br> 1. Roberto Blanchelli da Rimini stipulò nel 1477 un contratto con il maestro Pietro Bonozzi. Bonozzi era il fabbricante e fornitore ufficiale di carte da gioco del governo bolognese. Il figlio di Bonozzi s'impegnava a fabbricare per diciotto mesi in esclusiva per Blanchelli carte e trionfi su carta fornita dal committente. <br> Quote from <a href="http://www.tarocchinobolognese.it/bindo.php" target="_blank">Tarocchino Bolognese</a><br><br> 2. The same is reported with more detail by Andrea Vitali: il Tarocchino da Bologna, Bologna 2005, p. 16<br><br> 3. Gherardo Ortalli in "The Prince and the playing cards" at page 192/194 drags the following description of it:<br><br> "Exploring the printers' role and their relations with painters more accurately the production process. The cards came off the presses with a white cover and were usually sold in that condition. The terms of a contract signed in 1477 at Bologna are revealing in this sense. The manufacturer duly pledged to make at least 250 packs in six months with a possible supplement of a further 125 packs. The large number just reveals just how lively the market was. But what interests us here is that only 50 of the 250 packs were to have decorated backs (chequered or with coats of arms when required), hereas the other 200 were to be supplied without any decoration whatsoever - all white on black."<br><Br> <B>Commentary autorbis: </B>In the contrary to Ortalli I can't judge, that 250 decks in 6 monthes signify a lively market. <br><br> All comments seem to refer to Orioli in 1908 : Emilio Orioli, 'Sulle carte da giuoco a Bologna nel secolo XV', Il Libro e la Stampa, anno II (n.s.), 1908, pp. 109-19; see p. 112.<br><br> <CENTER><hr width="90%"></CENTER> <br><br> <H4>Orioli-Text</h4> <B>Note Ross Caldwell:</B> The article by Emilio Orioli "Sulle carte da giuoco a Bologna nel secolo XV" is from the Italian journal "Il libro e la stampa" n.s. 2, fasc. 4-5 (1908) pp. 109-119. It is online at the website of the "Emeroteca Digitale"<br><br> <font size"3"><A HREF="http://emeroteca.braidense.it/eva/sfoglia_articolo.php?IDTestata=102&CodScheda=199&Alph=L&OB=titolo&OM=&SearchString=&SearchField=&PageRec=25&PageSel=1&CodVolume=2309&CodFascicolo=14749&CodArticolo=276349" target="_blank">Website of the "Emeroteca Digitale"</A></font><br><br> Orioli's discussion of the 1477 Bonozzi text is on pp. 113-114, and the original document is on pp. 117-119. The document only states that 250 packs of both normal and triumph cards are to be made; it does not state how many of each, so we have no means of knowing how many triumph packs Bonozzi was contracted to make.<br><br> The person hiring Bonozzi was Roberto Blanchelli of Rimini, who was living in Bologna. He hired Bonozzi and his son for a period of 18 months (not six) almost exclusively. So Bonozzi and son made cards only for him. If one were to guess that Blanchelli was a merchant who sold the cards for profit elsewhere, then it seems Bologna was already a major exporter of cheap cards in the 1470s.<br><br> <CENTER> <TABLE BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="5" WIDTH="90%"> <TD> Ma tornando alle carte da giuoco dipinte a mano, e degna di nota un contratto stipulato nel 1477 dal notaio Alberto Argellata fra un Roberto Blanchelli riminese, dimorante a Bologna e che era il committente, con maestro Pietro Bonozzi, mazziere degli anziani, il quale si obbligava con certti patti sopra "el mestiero de la carte e triumphi da zugare"; i quali patti dovevansi asservare dal figlio di lui, che s'impegnava versio il Blanchelli a provvedergli una certa quantita di carte da giuoco di due specie differenti. In questo contratto, oltre il prezzo pattuito, si stabiliva anche il modo come le carte dovessero essere lavorate, secondo un modello preparato e da conservarsi presso una terza persona; cbe se non fossero identiche o riuscissero eseguitite malamente, Pietro Bonozzi era obbligato a farle rifare; non dovevano avere sul dorso alcun disegno ma essere perfettamente bianche. Si obbligavva pure detto maestro Pietro a non permettere che suo figlio od alcuno altro de' suoi lavorasse o vendesse carte per altri, eccetto che per il Blanchelli, ne che aiutasse o consigliasse altri intorno a detto mestiere ne molto ineno lo insegnasse ad altri; prometteva invece che per lo spazio di diciotto inesi continui si sarebbe dedicato a preparare carte e trionfi unicamente per conto del Blanchelli; il quale a sua volta, doveva fornire la carta ed i cartoni necessari per fare "dicte carte o vero triumphi". Oltre la mercede convenuta doveva anche il Blanchelli aggiungere soldi diciotto a titulo di spese, ogni centoventi mazzi di carte o per altrettanti di mazzi di trionfi correspondenti, tenendo pero conto del maggior numero di pezzi che occorrevano per formame un mazzo, poiche "ha piu iochi de li triumphi da quelli de la carte". Ora per spiegarci questo passo, noi dobbiano tener presente la distinzione che si fa sempre in questo atto, fra "carte" e "trionfi". Colla parolla "carte" si intende il mazzo di carte usuali, formato di quaranta pezzi; invece la parola "trionfi", che vedemmo menzionato anche dal documento del 1459, sta a significara i "tarocchi bolognesi", ossia le carte cosi dette "lunghe", delle quali sappiamo che occorrono sessanta per formare il mazzo. Per le spese quindi dovevasi tener coto non dei mazzi, ma del numero delle carte, che effettivamente occoorrevano per formarli; il diciotto soldi che i Blanchelli si obbligava a pagare in piu, a titolo di spese, dovevano poi servire per l'acquisto di "verzino, vederamo, agiuro, colla, alume de roza, inchiostro per fare dicte carte o triumphi". </TD></table><br><br> </center> </td> <TD width="250" valign="top"><CENTER><IMG SRC="http://trionfi.com/0/n/n/0505001/vitali-zanetti.jpg" ALT=""></CENTER></TD> </table><br><br> <H4>Dokument Bologna 1477 (from Orioli)</H4> <CENTER> <IMG src="p/bologna-1477-1.jpg" BORDER="0" ALT=""><br><br> <IMG src="p/bologna-1477-2.jpg" BORDER="0" ALT=""><br><br> <IMG src="p/bologna-1477-3.jpg" BORDER="0" ALT=""><br><br> </CENTER> <br><br> <b>(autorbis)</b><br> </td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The chapter "Trionfi as Cards (Documents)"</b> presents the early documents, which note the term "Trionfi" (or similar, for instance "ludus triumphorum") in context to playing cards. The first appearance is from February 1442. The chapter is still in development. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. Copyright: trionfi.com. Links do lead occasionally to foreign sources, we've no influence on these sites and are not responsible for their representations and opinions.<br><br> <b>Central pages: <a href="http://trionfi.com">International Start</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-history/">Tarot History</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/">Tarot Museum</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/">Tarot in all Aspects</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/cards/">Tarot Iconography</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-free-reading/">Tarot Reading</a> / <a href="http://google.com">Google</a> - <a href="http://yahoo.com">Yahoo</a> </font></center> </BODY></HTML>