Mantegna Tarocchi

<table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" > <tr> <td valign="middle" width="60"><center><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><img src="http://trionfi.com/00/kldreieck2.jpg" width="36" height="31" border="0" alt="autorbis.net"></a></center></td> <td valign="middle" width="120"><a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="5" face="Garamond, Verdana"><b><center><i> Trionfi </i></center></b></font></a></td> <td valign="middle"> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <b><font size="+1">Mantegna Tarocchi - Research Collection</font><br><br> Mantegna Tarocchi Pictures<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/mantegna/" target="_top">Mantegna Tarocchi Pictures / <br> E-series, S-Series, Ladenspelder, Dürer, Lazzarelli, Modern</a> </ul><br> <b> Material about earlier researches<br> <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/14/">Early: Lanzi, Zani, Duchesne</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/15/">Brockhaus (in development)<br> - "made by the pope"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/31/">Romain Merlin, 1859<br> - "E-series was an album"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/32/">Emile Galichon 1861 <br>- "they are not playing cards"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/16/">Burlington Magazine, 1933<br>- to Angelo Parrasio</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/17/">Hind's error<br> - our Lazzarelli Hypothesis</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/18/">Hind's final suggestion<br>- Mantegna Tarocchi engravers</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/19/">Hind's list</a><br><br> </ul> Lazzarelli Hypothesis <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/01/">Lazzarelli's Life</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/02/">Lazzarelli's scriptures</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/03/">Lazzarelli 1466</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/04/" target="_top">Pirckheimer - to 1466</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/05/t1.php" target="_blank">Pope Sixtus IV. / pictures</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/06/" target="_top">Parallels to Urbino-manuscript</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/07/">Fasti - the calendar</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/08/">Material to Eastern 1484 or 1485</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/09/">Trithemius about Faust and Mercurio</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/10/">Nuremberg 1493</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/20/">Lazzarelli / sources</a><br><br> </Ul> <center><hr width="80%"></center><br><br> Beggar development (Misero) <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/">Lucian, Momus, Alberti, Diogenes</a><br><br> <ul> Artes Liberales <UL> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/72/">Artes Liberales 1425 - 1450</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/76/">Gregor Reisch, 1508 - 1517</a> <br><br></UL Muses Development<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/55/">Music in Ferrara</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/551/">Added: Music in Ferrara</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/56/">Artists active in the Studiolo</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/11/">Muses Row / Lazzarelli 1471 </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/12/">Muses Row / Gaffurio 1494</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/13/">Muses Row / Ficino 1469</a><br><br> </ul> Malatesta's Contribution<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/61/">Malatesta - Start</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/62/">Malatesta family (1)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/63/">Malatesta family (2)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/64/">Malatesta family (3)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/68/">Duccio at the<br>Tempio Malatestiana</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/69/t1.php" target="_top">Malatesta Links</a> </ul> </b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> Mantegna Tarocchi </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <h1>Franchino Gaffurio (also Gafori, 1451 - 1522) <font size="4"><br>- connected Muses with the Spheres of Planets as Lazzarelli</font></h1> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top">Franchino Gaffori, born at Lodi at January 14th, 1451, in a noble family, he studied Latin literature and music at the Monastero Benedettino di S. Pietro, then Cantore at Duomo in Lodi. He became priest in 1473 and got some musical instruction of the Dutch monk J. Godenach (also called Godendach). From 1474 - 1478 at the court in Mantua, after that a short time in Verona and then 2 years in Naples, where he did meet J. Tinctoris and developed new ideas to harmony. In 1480 (Naples) he published "Theoricum opus musicae disciplina". 3 years teaching activities in Montecelli d'Ongina followed by a short role as chapel master in Bergamo. Since 1484 chapel master of the Duomo of Milano, where he stayed 38 years till his death with close relations to court of the Sforzas and with personal contacts to Johannes Martini and Leonardo da Vinci, in the 90ies of 15th century also active in Pavia He left lots of music theoritical tractats, and he's said to have been influenced by Netherlandish music, perhaps according his early, but short instructions of Godendach. <br> The famous painting at the side is said to present Franchino Gaffurio and is ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci. <p><b>Works:</b></p> <ul> <li>Musicae utriusque cantus practicae , <li>Theorica musicae (1492, reedited from 1480), <li>Practica musicae (1496), <li>De harmonia musicorum instrumentorum opus (1500). </ul> <br><br>The following picture (below) is the reason, why we see Franchino Gaffori involved in our studies to the Lazzarelli text. It is dated at an <a href="http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/iconografia/prot_964.htm" target="_blank">internet page</a> with "1469" as the "frontespizio of Franchino Gaffurio, De praticae musicae", but a comparition with the life dates of Gaffurio shows, that here is a simple writing error and "1496" is the correct dating. So, as in first surprize assumed, not Gaffurio with his representation could have influenced Lazzarelli (who's latest publishing date is 1482), but the logical (momentary) research situation sees either Lazzarelli influencing Gaffurio or both reflecting a general farspread relation between planetaric spheres and Muses.<br> Gaffurio (* 1451) and Lazzarelli (* 1450) are of the same age, as the current research situation doesn't allow clear insight in the stations of Lazzarelli's life, a relation and personal friendship to Gaffurio cannot be excluded, so the influence between both might have been a very personal one. Lazzarelli was not only poet and later "magician", but also musician with public representations, as reported from 1469 in Padua (unclear source). A meeting of Gaffurio and Lazzarelli in the late 70ies should have been likely, when they had a time in the same city.<br> Perhaps the successes of both young men (Lazzarelli in the Roman Pomponean Accademia in the early 80ies and Gaffurio 1484) at the same or a similar time touch each other. <p>Also Leonardo da Vinci is of similar age (* 1452), who in 1484 was already at the Sforza court since 1480, but was not already the famous and well paid artist as he became later. He at least has direct relationships to Gaffurio and should have known also Niccolo da Correggio, who had a familiary relationship to the Sforzas - both, Leonardo and Niccolo, engaged in theatre questions and one of the major activities of Leonardo at the Sforza court was the creation of technical constructions for the famous shows at the Sforza courts in the 90ies. Niccolo is of interest in the questions around Ludovico Lazzarelli.</p> <p></p> </td> <td width="290" valign = "top"><center><img src="http://www.wga.hu/detail/l/leonardo/03/1musicia.jpg" alt="" height="400" width="278" border="0"><br><br> "It was not until 1904 that the hand and sheet of music were discovered underneath overpaintings, and it is these that have given the painting its present title. Since this discovery, efforts have also been made to identify the person depicted. The names of two important court musicians in Milan during that period are known: Franchino Gaffurio (1451-1522) and Josquin des Prés (c. 1450-1521). But there is no clear indication enabling us to identify either of these two in this portrait.<br> The attribution to Leonardo is debated. If the picture is Leonardo's work, this is the only portrait of a man executed by Leonardo." <p>(the picture is dated to 1490).<br> <b><a href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/03/1musicia.html" target="_blank">Info of web gallery of art</a> </b></p> <p><b><img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/hand-with-lambda.jpg" alt="" height="131" width="237" border="0"></b></p> <p>As far it is recognizeable, the paper shows notes of music</p> </td> </tr> </table><br> <h3>Gaffuri picture, relevant to the Lazzarelli studies</h3> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/music-1469.jpg" alt="" height="752" width="460" border="0"><br><br> <b><font size="+1">Picture Analyses</font></b><br><br> <table width="700" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <td colspan="4"> <center> MENTIS APOLLINIAE VIS HAS MOVET VNDIQUE MV(?) SAS</center> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 Charites</td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><br><b>Apollo<b><br><br></td> <td>unidentified object</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>(8 Muses, the 9th is added to the bottom group)</b></td> <td><b>(from Archimedes (?))</b></td> <td><b>(according Plutarch and Ptolomaios (?))</b></td> <td><b>(8 Spheres according Ptolomaios)</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>URANIA </td> <td>MESE</td> <td>DIUS HYPERMIXOLY</td> <td>CELUM STELLATI</td> </tr> <tr> <td>POLYHYMNIA </td> <td>SON LYCHANOSME</td> <td>TONUS MIXOLYDIUS</td> <td>SATURN</td> </tr> <tr> <td>EUTERPE </td> <td>MESON PARHYPATE</td> <td>TONUS LYDIUS</td> <td>JUPITER</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ERATHO </td> <td>SON HYPATEME</td> <td>SEMITONUS PHRYGIUS</td> <td>MARS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MELPOMENE </td> <td>PATON LYCHANOSHY</td> <td>TONUS DORIUS</td> <td>SOL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TERPSICORE</td> <td>EHYPATO PARHYPAT</td> <td>TONUS HYPOLYDIUS</td> <td>VENUS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CALIOPE </td> <td>ATON HYPATEHYP</td> <td>SEMITONIUM HYPOPHRYGIUS</td> <td>MERCURIUS</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CLIO</td> <td>MENE PROSIAMBANO</td> <td>HYPERDORIUS</td> <td>LUNA</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan=4> <center> <br>IGNIS<br> AER<br> AQUA<br> TERRA<br><br> THALIA<br><br> </td></tr></table> <br> Explanation: "The spirit of Apollo moves all and everything" (or similar) is the title, it follows below Apollo with 3 Charities to the left and an unidentified object to the right. The left column shows 8 of the 9 Muses, the 9th Muse Thalia is used in the bottom group together with the 4 elements. It is remarkable, that the presented order shows no similarity with the order of the Muses used b Lazzarelli (which is identical to the order of the Muses in the socalled Mantegna Tarocchi. The right column shows 8 spheres, according to the composition, which was given by Ptolomaios, it follows the common Chaldean row with Octavo Sphera, which seems to have been an invention of Ptolomaios. <p>The left middle column shows rare expressions, which seem to have appeared in the context of Archimedes, the right shows expressions, which seem to be more common in old music theory and possibly go back to Plutarch. <a href="http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/16th/GAFHAR4_TEXT.html">This link</a> contains a text of Gaffurio, in which the expressions are used, <a href="http://www.dm.unipi.it/pages/maurolic/edizioni/musica/mus/mus-009.htm" target="_blank">this link</a> also shows some of the expressions (<a href="http://www.dm.unipi.it/pages/maurolic/introfr.htm" target="_blank">main link</a>) of this site, whih is complex work to the work of a French mathematican, who also had some relationship to music, Francesco Maurolico (1494-1575), also specialised on Archimedes. As I'm not very interested in music, it's difficult to me to understand the discussion.</p> <p> <h3>Second relevant Gaffuri picture</h3> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/lambda.gif" alt="" height="236" width="320" border="0"> <p>This is given as frontispice of "Theorica Musica", F. Gaffurio, Milan, 1492 (in Lawlor, Robert. Sacred Geometry. NY: Thames & Hudson, 1982. p.7 and <a href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7ematc/math5.geometry/unit3/unit3.html" target="_blank">internet source</a>, called the Platonic Lambda, which is said to go back to the Timaios of Platon as a speculation on the number rows 1,2,4,8, and 1, 3. 9, 27. A connection between this figure and the above shown other figure with 8 Muses and 8 Spheres can't be excluded (at the current moment of our research), the Lambda might appear on the picture of da Vinci as shown on the left side (top of page).</p> <p>This article has a provisional character, perhaps it will change in short time.</p> <p><b>(autorbis)</b></p> - with thanks to Alain Bougearel and John Meador for some cooperative work</td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The chapter "Mantegna Tarocchi"</b> presents specific material to the socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" - it's likely not produced by Andrea Mantegna, the famous painter. We present a specific hypothesis, by us called "Lazzarelli hypothesis", which contradicts common opinions about the objects, 50 copperplate engravings, which are sorted in a 5x10-scheme and of which not a single playing card deck of the early time has survived, but a lot of "normal" copperplate engravings (general opinion assumes, that they were never polaying cards in the early time). Common opinion usually says, based on the representation and arguments of Arthur M. Hind in the year 1938, that this composition was manufactured around 1465 ... we contradict and assume, that it was produced, after Ludovico Lazzarelli found some pictures in a Venetian bookstore and composed out of them 27 illuminations accompanying a manuscript. Then the final redaction would have been surely after 1470 ... for special reasons we suggest a date around 1475.<br> The Mantegna Tarocchi is extant in two different versions, one is called E-series and normally assumed to be the older, the other is called S-series. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. Copyright: trionfi.com. 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