Pope Sixtus IV - Mantegna Tarocchi

<table width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" > <tr> <td valign="middle" width="60"><center><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><img src="http://trionfi.com/00/kldreieck2.jpg" width="36" height="31" border="0" alt="autorbis.net"></a></center></td> <td valign="middle" width="120"><a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="5" face="Garamond, Verdana"><b><center><i> Trionfi </i></center></b></font></a></td> <td valign="middle"> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr><td><a name="a"><b><font size="3" color="#0033ff" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">    A</font></b></a><a href="http://autorbis.net" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">UTORBIS.net </font></a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">TRIONFI.com </font></a> </td> <td align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial Narrow">created 2003 - 2006       </td> </tr></table><hr size="1" width="90%"> <table width="100%"><tr><td rowspan="2" width="30%" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <b><font size="+1">Mantegna Tarocchi - Research Collection</font><br><br> Mantegna Tarocchi Pictures<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/mantegna/" target="_top">Mantegna Tarocchi Pictures / <br> E-series, S-Series, Ladenspelder, Dürer, Lazzarelli, Modern</a> </ul><br> <b> Material about earlier researches<br> <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/14/">Early: Lanzi, Zani, Duchesne</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/15/">Brockhaus (in development)<br> - "made by the pope"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/31/">Romain Merlin, 1859<br> - "E-series was an album"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/32/">Emile Galichon 1861 <br>- "they are not playing cards"</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/16/">Burlington Magazine, 1933<br>- to Angelo Parrasio</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/17/">Hind's error<br> - our Lazzarelli Hypothesis</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/18/">Hind's final suggestion<br>- Mantegna Tarocchi engravers</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/19/">Hind's list</a><br><br> </ul> Lazzarelli Hypothesis <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/01/">Lazzarelli's Life</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/02/">Lazzarelli's scriptures</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/03/">Lazzarelli 1466</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/04/" target="_top">Pirckheimer - to 1466</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/05/t1.php" target="_blank">Pope Sixtus IV. / pictures</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/06/" target="_top">Parallels to Urbino-manuscript</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/07/">Fasti - the calendar</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/08/">Material to Eastern 1484 or 1485</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/09/">Trithemius about Faust and Mercurio</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/10/">Nuremberg 1493</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/20/">Lazzarelli / sources</a><br><br> </Ul> <center><hr width="80%"></center><br><br> Beggar development (Misero) <ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/">Lucian, Momus, Alberti, Diogenes</a><br><br> <ul> Artes Liberales <UL> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/72/">Artes Liberales 1425 - 1450</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/76/">Gregor Reisch, 1508 - 1517</a> <br><br></UL Muses Development<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/55/">Music in Ferrara</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/551/">Added: Music in Ferrara</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/d/56/">Artists active in the Studiolo</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/11/">Muses Row / Lazzarelli 1471 </a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/12/">Muses Row / Gaffurio 1494</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/13/">Muses Row / Ficino 1469</a><br><br> </ul> Malatesta's Contribution<ul> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/61/">Malatesta - Start</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/62/">Malatesta family (1)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/63/">Malatesta family (2)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/64/">Malatesta family (3)</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/68/">Duccio at the<br>Tempio Malatestiana</a> <li><a href="http://trionfi.com/0/m/69/t1.php" target="_top">Malatesta Links</a> </ul> </b> </ul></td><td height="50" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"> Mantegna Tarocchi </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <h1>Pictures with Pope Sixtus IV<br> </h1> <b>Note: </b>In the research to the Mantegna Tarocchi the question arose, if the Pope motif of the Mantegna Tarocchi might have had similarities to Pope Sixtus IV (1471 - 1484). <br> So I started to collect some pictures. <br><br> <hr width ="90%"><br><br> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td valign="top" bgcolor="#dddddd"><center> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus4-3.jpg" alt="" height="200" width="207" border="0"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-12.jpg" alt="" height="200" width="184" border="0"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-16.jpg" alt="" height="200" width="200" border="0"><br><br><b>A man with a remarkable nose - his body on some pictures seems thin and at others a little more corpulent (perhaps this changed during his time as pope).</b> <br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus14.jpg" alt="" height="247" width="223" border="0"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/Sixtus_IV.jpg" alt="" height="247" width="247" border="0"><br><br> <b>The picture below is from 1471, short after the election of Sixtus IV - the remarkabe nose is recognizable and the body is thin (see detail)</b><br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-17.jpg" alt="" height="546" width="240" border="0"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-18.jpg" alt="" height="546" width="240" border="0"><br><br> <b>The most famous picture of Sixtus IV. shows the election of Platina (middle) as Librarian of the Vatican. Platina was a leading member of the Accademia Romana. </b><br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus13.jpg" alt="" height="208" width="445" border="0"><br><br> </td> <td width="290" valign = "top"> <center> <b> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/m/p/pope-e.jpg"><br><br> The unknown Pope of the<br> Mantegna Tarocchi E-series <br>is possibly Pope Sixtus IV<br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-mant1.jpg" alt="" height="292" width="200" border="0"><br><br> Ladenspelder in ca. 1550<br>copied the E-series pope<br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-mant2.jpg" alt="" height="265" width="171" border="0"><br><br>Dürer variated the pope in his pen paintings of the Mantegna Tarocchi.<br><br> <img src="http://trionfi.com/0/g/p/sixtus-duerer.jpg" alt="" height="239" width="195" border="0"></b> <p><b>In 1502 Dürer painted the saint Sixtus II. (another pope) together with two other saints. This "Sixtus II" had similarities with his Tarocchi- Pope</b></p> </td></tr></table> <br><br><hr="90%"><br><br> <b>Note:</B> There is the general suggestion, that the socalled E-series of the Mantegna Tarocchi is older than the S-series. There is a second suggestion, that the S-series was painted in the year 1485, cause the figure of Arithmetica has - as shown in the picture a sign in the hand, which might be interpreted as the year of production. In papal history now it happened, that at the 12th of August 1484 Pope Sixtus died (1471 - 1484) and as new Pope at the 29th of August Pope Innocence VIII. was elected. <br> It might well have been, that the S-series, if it really was produced in the year 1485, was produced in context to this change of the popes. In our research we neglected Hind's suggestion, that the Mantegna Tarocchi E-series was produced around the year 1465, at least we found to the argument, that the current research situation knows (at least) one logical alternatives, that there two ways exist. One, which was suggested by Hind, and another one, which we called the Lazzarelli hypothesis. Researching for a way, how and when Lazzarelli might have influenced the production of the Mantegna Tarocchi, so it seemed to me the most logical answer to all given data, that it happened in Rome in the circle of the Accademia Romana in context to Pope Sixtus, and the most likely date seems to have been the year 1475, as it was jubilee year and many pilgrims visited Rome. Naturally the production aimed on possible buyers - rich pilgrims, of course. The jubilee year was the perfect date for such a business. A possible engraver is at the place - by Hind himself suggested as the "engraver of the Ptolome" in the year 1478 ... which, as Hind possibly not knew, from German side was identified as the printer Sweynheim already in Hind's life time. Sweynheim died around 1477, so .. in the case, it was really Sweynheim ... the E-series must have been produced before that date. As Lazzarelli wrote likely ca. 1470/71 his poem, which used 22 of the pictures, dedicated it 1471 to Borso d'Este and 1474 to Montefeltro, duke of Urbino. According to this logic the date for the Mantegna Tarocchi between these years 1471 - 1477.<br><br> The Pope on the S-series looks different. It might be now Innocence VIII and the reason for the second Mantegna Tarocchi might be the commission of this pope in year 1484, his "personal" Trionfi deck (naturally the artist needed some time and the date 1485 doesn't surprize.<br><br> <table width="100%"><tr><td width="50%" align="center"> <img src="http://trionfi.com/mantegna/s_10.jpg"> </td> <td width="50%" align="center"><img src="http://trionfi.com/mantegna/s_25.jpg"></td></tr></table> <br><br> ... :-) well, might be necessary now to look for pictures of Innocence VIII. <br><br> <b>(autorbis)</b> </td></tr></table> <hr><br><br> <center><b><font size="1">Trionfi.com </b>has its focus on Tarot History and especially the origin of Tarot in 15th century, also the representation of about 100 000 Tarot and other playing cards in the Tarot Museum. <br><b>The chapter "Mantegna Tarocchi"</b> presents specific material to the socalled "Mantegna Tarocchi" - it's likely not produced by Andrea Mantegna, the famous painter. We present a specific hypothesis, by us called "Lazzarelli hypothesis", which contradicts common opinions about the objects, 50 copperplate engravings, which are sorted in a 5x10-scheme and of which not a single playing card deck of the early time has survived, but a lot of "normal" copperplate engravings (general opinion assumes, that they were never polaying cards in the early time). Common opinion usually says, based on the representation and arguments of Arthur M. Hind in the year 1938, that this composition was manufactured around 1465 ... we contradict and assume, that it was produced, after Ludovico Lazzarelli found some pictures in a Venetian bookstore and composed out of them 27 illuminations accompanying a manuscript. Then the final redaction would have been surely after 1470 ... for special reasons we suggest a date around 1475.<br> The Mantegna Tarocchi is extant in two different versions, one is called E-series and normally assumed to be the older, the other is called S-series. <br> Author: when not otherwise specified, autorbis. Copyright: trionfi.com. Links do lead occasionally to foreign sources, we've no influence on these sites and are not responsible for their representations and opinions.<br><br> <b>Central pages: <a href="http://trionfi.com">International Start</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-history/">Tarot History</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/">Tarot Museum</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/">Tarot in all Aspects</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot/cards/">Tarot Iconography</a> - <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-free-reading/">Tarot Reading</a> / <a href="http://google.com">Google</a> - <a href="http://yahoo.com">Yahoo</a> </font></center> </BODY></HTML><LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/">Tarot History</A> <LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/0/">SITEMAP</A> <LI><A HREF="http://trionfi.com/Images-of-Tarot-Cards/">Images of Tarot Cards</A><br><br> <B>INTERNATIONAL TAROT MUSEUM: </B> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/tarot-playing-cards-museum/" target="_top">English </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-F-musee-des-cartes-a-jouer-et-des-tarots/" target="_top">French </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-G-tarot-spielkarten-museum/" target="_top">German </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-I-museo-dei-tarocchi-e-delle-carte-da-gioco/" target="_top">Italian </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-N-tarot-en-speelkaarten-museum/" target="_top">Dutch </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-P-taro-e-museo-das-cartas-de-jogar/" target="_top">Portuguese </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-PO-muzeum-tarota-i-kart-do-gry/" target="_top">Polish </a> * <a href="http://trionfi.com/M-TAROT-S-museo-de-tarot-y-barajas/" target="_top">Spanish *</a>